Stem cells are present within most if not all multicellular organisms and are the ultimate drivers of growth and regeneration. They and are defined as biological cells capable of self-renewal and the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types. They are considered to be the most critical biological components necessary for proper growth and development during embryogenesis. Yet they have also been demonstrated to play indispensable roles in adult species, providing a much needed source of cellular replenishment for virtually every mature, differentiated cell type. All stem cells originate from what one might consider the ultimate stem
cell, the fertilized egg. As a totipotent entity, the fertilized egg has the capacity to drive the formation of all intraand extraembryonic tissues during growth and development.
embryonic stem cells have the pluripotent capacity to drive the formation of all tissues of the embryo proper, but not extraembryonic tissues such as the placenta or amniotic membrane. As the embryo matures, determined multipotent stem cells are produced which provide a limited, albeit extremely powerful ability to produce more differentiated cell types. An example of multipotency is the stem cell population of the hematopoietic system, which drives blood formation from a common precursor stem cell both during embryonic development and for a lifetime after birth.
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